Parvin Alimoradi Afshar

The growth and progress of societies is realized in the shadow of the public health of its citizens, and the public health of society is also affected by various environmental and economic factors, among which access to desirable and clean energy is one of the key factors in achieving public health.Therefore, the present study seeks to examine the factors affecting public health using annual data from the period 1392-1402 and applying the GMM system method. Given the dynamic nature of the model and the use of a dependent variable with a lag, the estimation period is limited to the years 1395-1402. This approach is in accordance with the methodological standards of dynamic panel models and prevents bias in the estimates. In this study, the variables of energy poverty, variables and unemployment rate, per capita income and inflation rate have been determined as independent public health as the dependent variable. In the process of conducting the research, first, in order to analyze theoretical concepts and also to cite research history, topics related to the research variables were examined and explained using the library method. In the research findings section, the descriptive indices of the variables were first examined. Then, the Dickey-Fuller test was performed, the results of which indicate the stationarity of the research variables. Then, the Kao test was performed to examine the cointegration of the variables, the results of which confirmed the existence of a linear relationship between the variables in the long term, meaning that the variables are co-integrated. Next, the generalized moment model estimation test was used to test the research hypotheses. According to the results of this test, the independent variables have a negative and significant effect on the dependent variable, meaning that an increase in the amount of the independent variables causes a decrease in the amount of the dependent variable. In other words, a one-unit increase in the variables of energy poverty, unemployment rate, and inflation rate reduces the general health of the community by (0.039), (0.032), and (0.030), respectively, and a one-unit increase in the effect of per capita income increases the general health by (0.071) Also, to examine the validity of the instrument matrix, the Sargan test was performed, and he results of this test showed that there was no correlation between the instrumental variables and the disturbance components. Finally, the autocorrelation between the variables was examined through the Arellano-Band test, and its results confirmed the absence of autocorrelation between the research variables.

This study investigates the impact of economic sanctions on Iran’s energy security over the period 1990–2022 by employing the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model. The significance of this research stems from Iran’s heavy dependence on energy export revenues and its strategic geopolitical position, where any disruption in the energy sector can have profound implications for economic growth, social welfare, and political stability. The NARDL approach was chosen for its ability to capture asymmetric effects of positive and negative shocks while simultaneously examining both short- and long-run dynamics, thereby providing a more nuanced understanding of the sanctions–energy security nexus.The findings reveal that sanctions exert a negative and statistically significant effect on energy security in the short run, primarily through restrictions on oil and gas exports, limited access to advanced technologies, and disruptions in supply chains. The asymmetric analysis highlights a “negative stickiness,” indicating that the adverse effects of sanctions materialize rapidly and severely, while their removal does not generate an immediate or proportional improvement. In the long run, although the intensity of the negative impact diminishes due to gradual economic adaptation, structural barriers such as limited foreign investment, technological constraints, and restricted access to global markets continue to hinder sustainable energy security.Additional results show that economic growth, in the absence of efficiency improvements, exerts a negative effect on energy security by intensifying domestic energy consumption pressures. Conversely, trade openness has a positive and significant impact in both the short and long run, underscoring the role of international integration in enhancing energy security through access to resources, technology, and investment. Foreign exchange reserves exhibit a weak negative effect in the short run but lose statistical significance in the long run. Overall, the study demonstrates that sanctions not only impose immediate and severe shocks on Iran’s energy security but also generate persistent long-term vulnerabilities. These findings highlight the necessity of comprehensive strategies aimed at reducing exposure to external shocks, including diversification of energy sources, efficiency improvements, development of indigenous technologies, and strengthening of regional and international cooperation in the energy sector.

The ultimate goal of production in any economic system is to increase utility through consumption; however, today’s prevailing pattern of consumerism has intensified environmental crises. In response to this challenge, sustainable consumption has emerged as a key strategy for achieving sustainable development. This study aimed to identify and measure the factors influencing sustainable consumption behavior among citizens of Sanandaj. The research is applied in purpose and descriptive–survey in data-collection method. The statistical population consisted of consumers in Sanandaj, from whom 305 standard questionnaires were collected using random sampling. Data analysis and hypothesis testing were performed using ordinal logistic regression with Stata and SPSS software. The findings indicated that the research model had a good fit. The most significant factors influencing sustainable consumption behavior were identified as follows: values exerted the strongest positive effect; economic and supportive factors emerged as the second most powerful predictors; social factors showed a positive and significant influence; and knowledge and awareness also had a positive impact. In contrast, beliefs demonstrated a negative and significant relationship, indicating the presence of inhibitory beliefs in the studied community. Although the cultural factor had a positive coefficient, it was not significant at the 95% confidence level. Overall, the results show that sustainable consumption behavior is a multidimensional phenomenon shaped by both internal factors (values, knowledge) and external factors (social and economic). Therefore, promoting sustainable consumption requires an integrated strategy that simultaneously focuses on education and cultural development (to institutionalize values and correct misconceptions), the creation of positive social norms, and the design of economic and supportive incentives.

Inequality and poverty have existed in all societies since the past. Many researchers have studied and explored the socio-economic causes of income inequality and its negative consequences in society. The United Nations has warned that increasing income inequality in rich and developing countries can lead to social divides and economic instability. The resource curse literature has expanded greatly in the past decades; and there is considerable agreement on the potential negative consequences of natural resource abundance. However, not all consequences that may be associated with natural resources have been given equal attention. On the other hand, based on the available data, the Middle East region is actually the most unequal region in the world. Other factors such as foreign trade, democracy, unemployment, urbanization, etc. also affect income inequality. The research method used in this study is the spatial panel method. The objectives of this study are to investigate the impact of various factors on income inequality. Therefore, the present study examines the abundance of natural resources and income inequality in Middle Eastern countries during the period 1994-2023. The method used for the model in this study is the spatial econometric method, which is examined in the methodological section of the general framework of the model and its components. Finally, considering the variables used, it is concluded that the variables of trade, urban population, natural resource rent, and democracy are significant and have a positive or negative and direct effect on income inequality; that is, they increase or decrease income inequality.

Achieving environmental innovation within the framework of sustainable development has become a critical benchmark for all developing countries, including Iran. Through environmental innovation, governments can reduce pollution, improve environmental quality, foster sustainable economic growth, enhance international credibility, and ensure the sustainable management of natural resources. Accordingly, identifying the factors that influence environmental innovation is a fundamental concern in environmental policy. Theoretical literature suggests that variables such as energy security, gross domestic product (GDP), industrialization, urbanization, and carbon emissions significantly affect environmental innovation. Among these, energy security stands out as a major barrier in Iran, as governments may rely on traditional energy sources (e.g., fossil fuels) to guarantee affordable and stable energy supply thereby slowing the transition toward green technologies. Given the increasing reliance on fossil fuels in Iran, examining the economic and environmental consequences of this trend has become more urgent than ever. It now represents a critical issue, demanding attention to its societal and ecological impacts in order to formulate effective strategies for sustainable environmental development. Despite its importance, previous research has provided limited evidence on this topic within the context of Iran’s economy. Therefore, the present study investigates how energy security influences environmental innovation. Based on the theoretical framework and the nonlinear relationships among the study variables, the research employs a Markov Switching model over the period 1990–2020. The results indicate that energy security, GDP, and urbanization exert a significant negative impact on environmental innovation, whereas industrialization and carbon emissions have a significant positive effect. Moreover, the findings reveal that the persistence in regimes with positive shocks is greater than in those with negative shocks. This implies that the economy tends to remain longer in favorable conditions such as periods of high environmental innovation due to structural adaptability, policy support, and the capacity to absorb clean technologies. In such contexts, transitions into positive regimes occur more rapidly and are more enduring, as infrastructure, economic incentives, and technological pathways reinforce the stability of these conditions and reduce the likelihood of reverting to less favorable states

In recent decades, achieving high gross domestic product (GDP) has been one of the main goals of both developed and developing countries. Since GDP affects dimensions such as welfare, inflation, and unemployment, identifying the factors influencing it is of particular importance. One of these factors is road accidents, which, as a serious challenge to sustainable development, pose a significant threat to economic capital in addition to their human consequences. This phenomenon can have substantial negative effects on the economy by reducing labor productivity, increasing medical and insurance costs, and disrupting supply chains. The present study, using the generalized method of moments (GMM) and panel data, examines the impact of road accidents on the GDP of 31 provinces in Iran during 2017–2023. The results indicate that road accidents have a negative and significant effect on GDP. Additionally, insurance claim ratios, unemployment rates, and passenger growth rates have a negative and significant impact, whereas insurance penetration and vehicle growth rates have a positive and significant effect on GDP. Specifically, fatalities resulting from road accidents not only reduce human capital and productivity but also increase non-productive costs and diminish financial resources for productive sectors, ultimately constraining economic growth. Therefore, it is recommended that policymakers identify high-accident areas and implement corrective and preventive measures to mitigate the negative economic consequences of road accidents in the provinces.

In recent decades, the environment and the factors leading to its degradation, along with solutions to address this crisis and reduce environmental damage, have become one of the significant issues for societies. The destruction of the environment is associated with increased climate change, the rise of harmful pollutants, and the depletion of resources and biodiversity. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the destructive factors and find appropriate solutions to mitigate and prevent them. Human activities in the biosphere aimed at producing goods and services have consistently been cited as the primary reason for environmental degradation. The pressure of individuals' activities on the environment translates to a reduction in biodiversity and natural resources, the production of harmful pollutants, excessive use of fossil fuels, and high energy consumption. Consequently, societies are striving to identify the factors leading to environmental degradation to improve the biosphere by controlling and preventing them. In this context, the ecological footprint is a new and comprehensive indicator that assesses the impact of human interference on climate change and individuals' negative effects on the environment. This indicator measures the demand individuals place on natural resources and biodiversity. In other words, it converts the amount of food, energy, wood, water, and land consumption into units of land equivalent to environmental impact per hectare. It measures the land area required for individuals to produce the goods and services necessary for their needs. Since individuals’ activities for producing goods and services are dependent on the country’s economy, the economic sector directly correlates with and significantly impacts the environment. Alongside the formal economic sector, which leads to environmental degradation and the depletion of resources and biodiversity, there exists another segment known as the shadow economy or informal economy. Activities in this sector are not officially recorded in the country’s economic accounts and also contribute to environmental damage. In fact, the informal economy, like the formal sector, is involved in the production of goods and services, the buying and selling of products, and the provision of services, but these activities occur covertly. It is clear that in the informal economy, production and service activities do not comply with environmental regulations, ultimately leading to increased air, water, and soil pollution. Moreover, outdated and polluting technologies in this sector lead to excessive energy consumption and the production of harmful pollutants, which contribute to environmental degradation. Illegal logging, rampant hunting, and unauthorized extraction of mineral resources are other activities occurring within the informal economy that result in environmental destruction. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis is to examine the impact of the informal economy on the ecological footprint in Iran during the period from 1990 to 2020 using structural vector autoregression methodology. The results of this study indicate that the informal economy has a negative impact on the ecological footprint and contributes to its reduction. Additionally, trade freedom, urbanization, and industrialization positively influence the ecological footprint, leading to its increase. Economic growth and the second power of economic growth also support the environmental Kuznets hypothesis in this study. Furthermore, the results of the variance decomposition in the tenth period show that the informal economy explains 41.43% of the changes in the ecological footprint.

Many people in developing countries live in poverty and have limited access to adequate food, clean water, shelter and healthcare. Developing countries often have high levels of income inequality, with a small percentage of the population owning a large share of the wealth. Quality of life is an important concept that measures various dimensions of health and well-being of people in society and is affected by several factors. In this research, the effect of economic freedom and energy poverty on the quality of life in Islamic developing countries has been investigated. According to the availability of sample data, the annual time period from 2005 to 2022 was examined. In this regard, with the help of panel data, the experimental models of this study were estimated and evaluated with the panel random effects method, completely modified least squares and dynamic least squares method. The estimation results of the models indicate that the variables of economic freedom and energy poverty in all three models are statistically significant, and their coefficient is positive; In other words, increasing economic freedom and increasing access to electricity in Islamic developing countries in this period of time have led to higher welfare of life. Also, according to the estimates of this study, information and communication technology has a positive and significant effect on the quality of life; And finally, population increase, and GDP growth had a positive and significant effect and inflation had a negative effect on the quality of life. Finally, it is suggested that Islamic developing countries start implementing appropriate economic policies to increase economic freedom and also increase investment in energy infrastructure to benefit from the benefits of energy access in order to improve the quality of life.

Inflation is one of the harmful economic phenomena that have harmful effects on the entire economy of a country leaves The importance of the issue of inflation and its results on the society's economy has caused the researches Much has been done in this field. In this thesis, we examine the role of imported inflation from Iran's largest trading partners, including China and Türkiye, using vector autoregression models Markov switching and data from 1987-2021 are discussed. The results show it is the instantaneous response functions of the inflation rate in regime one in Iran to the impulse or shocks of the inflation rate In Iran, from the eighth period to the end of the inflation rate shock period in Iran, the inflation rate in Iran was greatly affected It has a positive effect. The results of the analysis of variance revealed that the highest inflation caused by Inflation is in the previous period, and after that, liquidity fluctuations have the largest share of inflation fluctuations. also Türkiye's inflation can affect Iran's inflation fluctuations more than China's.

The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between institutional factors and economic growth on poverty and inequality in selected Asian countries from 1990 to 2020, using spatial econometrics. Based on the obtained results, the presence of spatial autocorrelation in the region is confirmed. The research findings indicate that institutional factors have positive and significant spatial effects on poverty in the examined countries, both directly and indirectly. Additionally, economic growth and domestic investment have a positive and significant impact on poverty reduction. Economic growth, government stability, corruption control, democracy index, and financial development have positive and meaningful effects on reducing inequality. Financial development facilitates access for low-income individuals to financial resources and credit. An effective financial system can guide investments along the optimal path. The research results confirm the positive impacts of effective financial development on reducing inequality. The quality of institutional factors, influencing areas such as freedom of expression and government accountability, contributes to improving government performance. Economic growth can create welfare and opportunities. Strong growth generates new job opportunities, increasing the income of poor individuals and motivating them to invest in their children's future. Economic growth increases the overall income of society and creates more jobs, income, and opportunities that can be redistributed.

One of the most important macroeconomic variables in developing countries, which is the concern of many economists, is the changes in the inflation rate, which can positively or negatively affect the performance of the country's economy. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of the nominal exchange rate and the real exchange rate on the inflation of Iraq using time series data during the period of 1992-2022 using the autoregression model with a Autoregressive Distributed Lag; The results show that, in the short term, the nominal exchange rate and the trade openness index had a positive and significant effect on inflation. The unemployment rate and the dummy variable had a negative impact on the inflation index. Also, in the second model, the real exchange rate and the trade openness index have a positive and significant effect on the inflation rate, and the unemployment rate and dummy variable did not have a significant effect on inflation. In the long run, the nominal exchange rate sign is consistent with economic theories. The coefficient of the nominal exchange rate and the real exchange rate and the trade openness index are positive and significant in both models, and the existence of long-term relationships between the variables is confirmed. The error correction coefficient in the first model was -0.63 and in the second model was -0.29, which are statistically significant and this indicates that in each period about 63% in the first model and 29% in the second model respectively. Inflation is adjusted from imbalance to reach long-term equilibrium.

Inflation, in developing countries, has always been in the spotlight of economists and politicians and has a special importance. The existence of inflation in many of these countries has been the main challenge of the economy. Therefore, this research examines the role of the informal economy in the impact of political stability on inflation in a set of 45 developing countries using panel data and the generalized least squares econometric method during the period of 2002-2021. The obtained results show that political stability, informal economy and non-corruption index have a negative and significant effect on inflation, while the openness of the economy has a positive and significant effect on inflation in developing countries. The openness of the economy in developing countries is more dependent on imports than exports. Therefore, this openness of the economy is associated with an increase in demand and, as a result, inflation. Also, based on the obtained results, inflation is not only determined by the informal economy and political stability independently, but there is a mutual effect between these two variables. In a situation where political stability and informal economy, each alone, cause a decrease in inflation, the interactive effect of political stability together with informal economy has a positive and significant effect on inflation, and the positive interactive effect shows that in conditions of high political stability, a large informal economy can have a positive effect on inflation and increases it.

صنعت گردشگری، بزرگ‌ترین و متنوعترین صنعت در دنیا به حساب می‌آید. تأثیر گردشگری بر افزایش میزان اشتغال و درآمدهای ارزی، رونق صنایع داخلی، گسترش همکاری‌های بین المللی موجب شده است تا نگرش کشورهای دنیا به مرز آن تغییریافته و جایگاه مهمی در سیاست گذاری دولت‌ها پیدا کند. از این رو در این پژوهش، اثرات گردشگری بر وضعیت اقتصادی خانوار‌های ساکن در اقلیم کردستان عراق بررسی شده است. پژوهش حاضر ازنظر هدف کاربردی و ازنظر راهبرد جزو تحقیقات کمی است. با توجه به بررسی رابطه دو متغیر، تحقیق را می‌توان جزو تحقیقات همبستگی دسته‌بندی نمود. با توجه به نحوه جمع‌آوری داده‌ها پژوهش از نوع توصیفی – پیمایشی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر شامل شامل کلیه گردشگران اقلیم کردستان عراق است. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها پرسشنامه استاندارد است که بعد از انجام پردازش داده‌ها به کمک نرم افزار SmartPLS مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. پایایی به کمک آلفای کرونباخ محاسبه و تائید شد. برای بررسی رابطه بین متغیرهای پژوهش از مدل ساختاری استفاده شد. از روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده استفاده ‌شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش تائید کننده رابطه معنی‌دار و مثبت گردشگری بر وضعیت اقتصادی خانوارهای ساکن در اقلیم کردستان عراق است. نتایج پژوهش بیانگر آن است که موضوع: گردشگری برای هر جامعه‌ای مهم و ضروری خواهد بود و می‌تواند نبض اقتصادی منطقه را در دست گرفته و موجب رونق کسب و کار خانوارها گردد. همچنین این تأثیر تنها به اقتصاد ختم نمی‌شود و بسیاری از ابعاد دیگر زندگی خانواده‌ها را نیز در بر می‌گیرد. از جمله‌ی آن‌ها می‌توان به وضعیت فرهنگی اجتماعی، سیاسی و زیست محیطی اشاره کرد. هر چقدر گردشگری در جامعه هدف گسترش پیدا می‌کند، بهبود وضعیت فرهنگی اجتماعی سیاسی و زیست محیطی جامعه را در بر خواهد داشت و رابطه مستقیمی در بین گردشگری و ابعاد نام برده در زندگی مردم وجود دارد

In the value added tax system, the purchases of each company are announced to it by the seller company. Therefore, if a company declares the tax less than the limit, or does not pay the relevant tax, this tax will be transferred to the next buyer, for this reason, all buyers and sellers will be placed in a self-control system. And this makes all companies register in the value added tax system. But its income performance can be weakened in the case of informal labor conditions. Because the incomes from informal labor activities are hidden and not reported. Informal labor has a two-way effect on value added tax revenues, because just as informal labor has an effect on value added tax revenues, value added tax can also have an effect on informal labor. The purpose of this study is to investigate the asymmetric effect of informal labor on value added tax revenues in Iran's provinces using panel data in the years 2010 to 2018. The obtained results show that the relationship between informal labor and value added tax income is initially positive and after reaching a certain threshold level, the relationship becomes negative, which means that informal labor has a threshold point on value added tax income. Also, the results showed that the relationship between value added tax revenues and unemployment rate is negative and significant, and the relationship between value added tax revenues and population and GDP is positive and significant. Based on the obtained coefficients, the relationship between the value added tax of the previous period and the value added tax of thecurrent period is positive and significant. Also, the results show that the informal workforce is different in terms of size, and the effect on value added tax revenues in different provinces of Iran. An increase in the tax rate can generate less additional revenues than expected, and this is due to the mixed effect of informal labor, which results in a reduction of the VAT self-enforcement mechanism

امروزه مصرف انرژی از فاکتورهای اصلی توسعه و پیشرفت اقتصادی می باشد؛ اما از طرف دیگر مصرف بی رویه ی آن به‌ویژه سوخت های فسیلی باعث تخریب محیط‌زیست و به‌ویژه اختلال در ظرفیت زیستی و درنهایت افزایش ردپای بوم شناختی شده است و این مسئله سبب ایجاد نگرانی برای نسل آینده شده است؛ زیرا روزبه‌روز توان ظرفیت زیستی کاهش پیدا می کند؛ بنابراین در این پژوهش به بررسی تأثیر مصرف انرژیهای تجدید پذیر و تجدید ناپذیر بر ردپای‌ بوم‌شناختی در کشور ایران با استفاده از مدل رگرسیون آستانه‌ای طی بازه زمانی 1359-1397 پرداخته‌شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که اثر مثبت و معناداری بین مصرف انرژی های تجدید ناپذیر، تولید ناخالص داخلی با ردپای بوم‌شناختی وجود دارد یعنی با افزایش مصرف انرژی‌های تجدید ناپذیر و تولید ناخالص داخلی، ردپای بوم‌شناختی افزایش پیداکرده و هم‌چنین ارتباط منفی و معناداری بین مصرف انرژی‌های تجدید پذیر با ردپای بوم‌شناختی وجود دارد، یعنی با افزایش مصرف انرژی‌های تجدید پذیر، ردپای بوم‌شناختی کاهش پیدا می‌کند. سایر متغیرهایی هم چون جنگ وانداده دولت باعث افزایش ردپای بوم‌شناختی شده است. با توجه به افزایش روند صعودی ردپای بوم شناختی در کشور ایران و هم‌چنین با توجه به اینکه انرژی به‌ویژه انرژی‌های تجدید ناپذیر از اصلی‌ترین عامل بر شاخص ردپای بوم‌شناختی هست؛ لذا با بهبود و توسعه انرژی های تجدید پذیر، برنامه‌ریزی دقیق و اعمال قوانین و مقررات و به‌ویژه نظارت کارشناسان محیط‌زیست و انرژی، اصلاح رفتار فعالان اقتصادی، می‌توان باعث کاهش ردپای بوم‌شناختی شد.