فرزاد نصيري

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a key region in the brain’s executive networks, playing a central role in processing and regulating functions such as working memory, sustained attention, and response inhibition. Neuroscientific evidence suggests that stimulating this region can enhance cognitive performance by increasing cortical excitability and modulating related neural circuits. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), with and without concurrent binaural beats, on the aforementioned cognitive functions. This study employed a pretest-posttest experimental design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of students aged 20 to 35 at the University of Kurdistan (2024–2025 academic year). Forty-five participants were conveniently selected and randomly assigned to three groups: tDCS, tDCS combined with binaural beats, and sham. The intervention consisted of 10 sessions, each lasting 30 minutes, conducted over two weeks. During these sessions, tDCS was applied with an intensity of 2 mA to the right DLPFC (F4/Fp1), and binaural beats were presented at a beta frequency (15 Hz). Assessment tools included the N-Back and PASAT tests for working memory, the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) for sustained attention, and the Go/No-Go test for response inhibition. Data were collected at pretest, posttest, and one-month follow-up stages and analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. The results indicated that both interventions significantly improved cognitive performance compared to the control group. The group receiving the combined intervention (tDCS + binaural beats) demonstrated superior performance in the posttest and follow-up phases compared to the tDCS-only group, exhibiting more sustained and broader improvements in working memory, sustained attention, and response inhibition. It appears that stimulating the right DLPFC through the simultaneous application of transcranial direct current stimulation and binaural beats can enhance cognitive performance by strengthening the oscillatory synchronization of executive brain networks. These findings underscore the importance of targeting the DLPFC in interventions and its role in designing novel protocols for cognitive rehabilitation.

Cognitive empowerment in healthy individuals has gained attention in light of advances in cognitive neuroscience research, serving as a preventive approach against age-related cognitive decline, daily stressors, and to enhance academic and occupational productivity. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), as a key brain region, plays a central role in regulating cognitive functions such as working memory, attention, and processing speed. Neurophysiological evidence indicates that stimulation of this area can enhance cognitive performance by increasing cortical excitability and modulating related neural circuits. In recent years, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and brain training games have emerged as novel approaches for cognitive rehabilitation. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of tDCS, with and without the Lumosity brain training game, on working memory, selective attention, divided attention, and processing speed in healthy individuals. This experimental study employed a pretest–posttest–follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population included all 18–35-year-old students of Kurdistan University during the 2024–2025 academic year, who were selected through announcements and structured clinical interviews. Using PASS software, with α = 0.05, power = 0.80, and effect size = 0.25, a sample of 45 participants (three groups of 15) was determined. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: tDCS, tDCS combined with Lumosity brain training, and control. The intervention consisted of 10 sessions of 30 minutes each, with stimulation at F3/Fp2 (2 mA) and execution of Lumosity games in the relevant group. Data were collected using the n-back test, Stroop test, and selective & divided attention tasks, and analyzed through multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and repeated measures ANOVA. The results indicated that both tDCS alone and tDCS combined with brain training led to significant improvements in working memory, selective attention, divided attention, and processing speed compared to the control group at posttest and one-month follow-up. Furthermore, the combined tDCS and brain training intervention demonstrated stronger and more sustained effects than tDCS alone. The findings suggest that combining transcranial direct current stimulation with Lumosity brain training, targeting the DLPFC as the stimulation site, can serve as an effective approach for enhancing executive functions and cognitive rehabilitation. These results may inform the design of novel therapeutic and rehabilitation protocols to improve cognitive performance in both non-clinical and clinical populations.

Worry is a fundamental and transdiagnostic cognitive process that plays a crucial role in the onset and maintenance of psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression. It is often accompanied by deficits in cognitive–emotional indicators, including attentional bias, working memory, emotion regulation, and problem-solving. Recent evidence suggests that non-invasive interventions such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and positive mood induction techniques can effectively reduce worry and improve cognitive functioning by modulating the activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and expanding cognitive and emotional resources. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of tDCS combined with positive mood induction compared to tDCS alone and a sham control condition in reducing worry symptoms and improving transdiagnostic indicators among individuals with high levels of worry. This study employed an experimental pretest–posttest–follow-up design with a sham-controlled group. The statistical population consisted of all students at the University of Kurdistan, aged 18 to 35 years, enrolled during the 2024–2025 academic year. Participants were recruited through public announcements and were included in the study after meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria based on a structured clinical interview. Using PASS software with an alpha level of .05, a statistical power of 80%, and an effect size of 0.25, the total sample size was calculated to be 45 participants (15 per group). Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) tDCS treatment, (2) tDCS combined with positive mood induction, and (3) sham control. To collect data and measure variables across the pretest, posttest, and follow-up phases, the following instruments and tasks were used: the n-back test, the Dot-Probe task, the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), and the Tower of London task. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results revealed that the interventions significantly improved the assessed indicators, including worry, attentional bias, emotion regulation, working memory, and problem-solving. Therefore, the findings of the present study may provide novel insights into the development of non-invasive therapeutic approaches aimed at reducing worry symptoms and enhancing transdiagnostic cognitive–emotional indicators—such as attentional bias, emotion regulation, working memory, and problem-solving—ultimately contributing to the promotion of psychological well-being.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of family therapy based on transactional relationship analysis on conflict resolution styles, communication aggression and marital frustration of couples with emotional divorce. The statistical population of this research included couples who went to counseling centers in Isfahan in the second half of 1402. Sampling in this research was purposeful based on the entry criteria and included 20 couples, 10 couples were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 10 couples were assigned to the control group. The questionnaires used in the present study were Rahim's Conflict Resolution Styles Questionnaire (1983), Nelson and Carroll's Covert Relational Aggression Questionnaire (2006) and Kaiser's Marital Frustration Questionnaire (1993). The sample answered the questionnaires in three stages: pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The treatment intervention applied to the experimental group was transactional relationship analysis according to Jones and Stewart (2012), which was applied to the experimental group after the pre-test, and the control group did not receive any treatment. In order to analyze the data of the current research, SPSS 26 statistical software was used. The obtained findings were presented and analyzed in terms of demographics and descriptive and inferential parts. First, the demographic and descriptive findings were presented, to check the research hypotheses, variance analysis with repeated measurements and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used. The results showed that family therapy based on the analysis of transactional relationships had a significant effect on the components of conflict resolution styles, including integration, dominance, compromise, binding and avoidant (P<0.05) and these changes remained in the follow-up period. Family therapy based on the analysis of transactional relations caused a significant increase in the integration and compromise styles and a decrease in the scores of dominant, obliging and avoidant styles. The results also showed that family therapy based on transactional relationship analysis was able to significantly reduce communication aggression and its components including withdrawal and ruining social image (P<0.05) and these changes were stable until the follow-up period. The findings also showed that the treatment was able to significantly improve marital frustration and its components including attachment, emotional alienation and emotional support (P<0.05), these changes were stable until the follow-up period. In general, it can be concluded that family therapy based on transactional behavior analysis can be used as an effective treatment method to improve conflict resolution styles, communication aggression and marital frustration in couples with emotional divorce and also to improve the quality of relationships and life of couples.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on perceived stress, body self-concept, and repetitive negative thoughts in girls diagnosed with BDD. The research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group. The statistical population consisted of girls with BDD in Alborz City, Iran, in 2023. A sample of 30 participants was selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental group (n=15) and the control group (n=15). Data collection instruments included a demographic checklist, the short form of the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ-S), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and the Repetitive Negative Thinking Questionnaire (RNTQ). The experimental group underwent eight 90-minute sessions of ACT, as proposed by Hayes et al. (2011), while the control group received no intervention. The collected data were analyzed using multivariate covariance (MANCOVA) analysis with SPSS-24. The findings indicated that ACT significantly reduced perceived stress, decreased repetitive negative thoughts, and improved various dimensions of body self-concept (including health, physical activity, coordination, athletic competence, body fat, physical appearance, flexibility, strength, endurance, and self-confidence) in girls with BDD (p< 0.01). These results demonstrate the efficacy of ACT in enhancing the psychological and physical well-being of individuals with BDD.

The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of unified transdiagnostic treatment on the emotional and cognitive symptoms of adults with separation anxiety disorder comorbid with emotional disorders. This research used a pre-test/post-test design with a three-month follow-up. The statistical population included all adults aged 18 to 40 diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder comorbid with emotional disorders in Sanandaj, which comprised students and staff of the University of Kurdistan, as well as their relatives. After meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria through a structured diagnostic interview and a separation anxiety questionnaire, these individuals were randomly assigned to two groups: the integrated transdiagnostic treatment group (17 participants) and the waiting group (17 participants). Data were collected using the DASS-21 questionnaire, the Adult Separation Anxiety Scale (ASA-27), the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS). The data were analyzed using multilevel modeling for repeated measures. The results indicated that the mean scores of separation anxiety symptoms, anxiety, depression, intolerance of ambiguity, anxiety sensitivity, cognitive fusion, and difficulties in emotion regulation significantly decreased in the unified transdiagnostic treatment group compared to the control group, and these changes were stable over time and during the follow-up period. Given the effectiveness of unified transdiagnostic treatment in reducing cognitive and emotional symptoms in adults with separation anxiety disorder, the current findings have practical implications for clinical professionals active in the treatment and counseling fields. These results can assist professionals in improving their therapeutic and counseling methods, enabling them to utilize the acquired information to enhance the quality of their services.

The aim of this study was to compare transdiagnostic psychological and neuropsychological factors among women with Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), and non-clinical women. This causal-comparative study was conducted on 150 female university students aged 20 to 35 years from the University of Kurdistan during the 2023-2024 academic year, selected through purposive sampling. Participants were categorized into PMS, PMDD, and non-clinical groups based on a structured clinical interview and a screening questionnaire. The research instruments included the Anxiety Sensitivity Index, Distress Tolerance Questionnaire, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Continuous Performance Test, Go/No-Go Task, and Iowa Gambling Task. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), multivariate analysis with repeated measure, and Bonferroni post-hoc tests. The results indicated significant differences in transdiagnostic psychological factors (anxiety sensitivity, distress tolerance, and difficulties in emotion regulation) and neuropsychological factors (sustained attention, inhibitory control, and risky decision-making) among the PMS, PMDD, and non-clinical groups. Anxiety sensitivity and difficulties in emotion regulation were significantly higher in the PMS and PMDD groups compared to the non-clinical group, with these differences being more pronounced during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Moreover, the PMDD group exhibited greater impairments in inhibitory control and risky decision-making compared to the PMS and non-clinical groups. Additionally, the phases of the menstrual cycle significantly influenced some of these factors, with cognitive performance and emotion regulation being poorer during the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase. These findings highlight the critical role of transdiagnostic psychological and neuropsychological factors in understanding and managing PMS and PMDD. It is recommended that future studies employ larger samples and longitudinal designs to further investigate the role and impact of these factors.

the aim of the present study was to compare neuropsychological indicators between two groups of individuals with dark and light personality traits. According to a structured clinical interview and the Dark Triad questionnaire (Jonason & Webster, 2010) and the Light Triad traits scale (Johnson, 2018), a total of 150 students with an age range of 18 to 40 years were categorized into two groups of 75 individuals each, consisting of individuals with light traits (n = 75) and individuals with dark traits (n = 75) during the academic year 2023-2024. Participants were assessed using four neuropsychological indicators: risky decision-making, risk-taking, problem-solving, and inhibition, measured by the Iowa Gambling Task, Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), the Tower of London, and the Go/No-Go task, respectively. The results of a one-way Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) indicated that individuals with light personality traits scored higher than those with dark personality traits in inhibition (F = 4.087, p = 0.045), decision-making (F = 6.91, p = 0.009), and problem-solving (F = 7.78, p = 0.006); however, this difference was not significant in risk-taking (F = 2.02, p = 0.88). The findings of this study can be utilized in relevant mental health and wellness institutions, such as clinics, to help improve the executive functions of individuals towards enhancing personality traits.

This study aimed to explore the differences in hot (Emotional regulation, Decision making, and Social cognition) and cool (Working Memory, Response Inhibition and, Cognitive flexibility) executive functions between individuals with high levels of social anxiety and those without. The research was quantitative, using a causal-comparative method, and it was applied in nature based on its purpose. The participants were drawn from the entire student population at Kurdistan University during the 1402-1403 academic year. A total of 150 students volunteered to participate after a recruitment call was posted on the university's social networks. These participants were then divided into two groups: 75 individuals diagnosed with social anxiety disorder and 75 who did not have the disorder. To gather data, we used a variety of diagnostic and screening tools, including the SCID-5-CV (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders, Clinician Version), the SCID-5-PD (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Personality Disorders), the Social Phobia Inventory by Connor et al. (2000), To assess hot executive functions, tools such as the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire by Gross and John (2003), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST), and RMET were used. For cool executive functions, tasks such as the Stop-Signal Task (SST), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and the N-BACK task were administered. The results, analyzed through multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), revealed significant differences in both cool executive functions and hot executive functions between the two groups. Specifically, those with high levels of social anxiety performed differently than the control group, with a notable difference in the combined scores for hot and cool executive functions (p<0.05). The findings of the present research can become the basis for the development of therapeutic tools and techniques and cognitive training programs and provide the basis for providing more accurate assessment tools for the diagnosis and treatment of executive function defects in people with social anxiety.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment on emotional, cognitive, and neuropsychological symptoms and indicators in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder comorbid with emotional disorders. This research was conducted with a semi-experimental method and a pre-test-post-test- follow up design with a control group. The statistical population of the research is all students who were studying in Kurdistan University in 2023-2024. A total of 34 people with the diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder accompanied by at least one emotional disorder were included in a randomized controlled trial. The participants were randomly divided into two experimental UP group and control groups. Structured clinical interviews, such as the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders - Clinician Version (SCID-V-CV) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Personality Disorders (SCID-V-PD), as well as the Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI), were used to screen the participants. To measure the levels of anxiety, depression and stress the DASS-21 questionnaire and to evaluate the difficulty in emotion regulation and anxiety sensitivity, the DERS and ASI-R were used respectively. Also, to measure the cognitive emotion regulation, cognitive fusion and cognitive avoidance the CERQ-P, CFQ, and CAQ were used respectively. The go/no-go, n-back, and Tower of London tasks were also used to examine response inhibition, working memory, and problem-solving abilities. The UP group received 10 sessions of 45 minutes of unified protocol for transdiagnostic. The results of analysis of variance with repeated measurements showed that unified protocol for transdiagnostic reduced the symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder (P= 0/001, F=27/34), anxiety (P= 0/001, F=29/05), and depression (P= 0/001, F=19/25) in people with body dysmorphic disorder comorbid with emotional disorders. Also, the results showed that this treatment improved emotional indicators including anxiety sensitivity (P= 0/001, F=18/14) and difficulty in emotion regulation (P= 0/001, F=35/37) and cognitive indicators including cognitive fusion (P= 0/001, F=17/13), cognitive avoidance (P= 0/001, F=30/58), adaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation (P= 0/001, F=17/88) and maladaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation (P= 0/001, F=17/82) and neuropsychological indicators including problem solving (P= 0/001, F=4/52), response inhibition (P= 0/001, F=20/63) and working memory (P= 0/029, F=3/74). The results of this treatment showed that this treatment can help people with body dysmorphic disorder and can be used by mental health specialists.

The present study aimed to compare emotional and cognitive indicators in individuals social physique anxiety symptoms and normative. The research employed a descriptive and comparative methodology. The statistical population comprised residents of Isfahan city in the year 1402. A purposive sampling method was utilized for this research. The statistical sample was determined using PASS software, with an alpha level of 0.05 and a power of 80%, resulting in a total of 150 participants (75 individuals in each group(. The instruments employed in this study included the Physical Social Anxiety Scale, the Structured Interview Program for DSM-5 Anxiety Disorders (ADIS-5), the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Anxiety Sensitivity Questionnaire, the Emotion Regulation Problems Scale, the Distress Intolerance Questionnaire, the Rumination Response Scale, and the Cognitive-Emotional Regulation Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The results of the data analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the emotional indicators of people, such as emotion regulation, Difficulties in emotion regulation, and anxiety sensitivity with social physical anxiety symptoms and normal. Also, there is a significant difference in some of the cognitive indicators of people, such as experimental avoidance, rumination, and anxiety intolerance, with social physique anxiety symptoms and normal, but there is no significant difference in other cognitive indicators, such as emotional cognitive regulation, with social physique anxiety symptoms and normal. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the emotional and cognitive indicators of people with social physique anxiety symptoms and normal. The results of this research can help to understand and explain the social physique anxiety symptoms and be a guide for mental health professionals to apply strategies to prevent and deal with it.

The present study aimed to perform an investigation of four executive functions (problem-solving, cognitive flexibility, inhibition, and working memory) between active procrastinators, passive procrastinators, and non-procrastinators with quantitative methodology using causal comparative method. 177 university students of Kordestan university and Shahed university (59 active procrastinators, 59 passive procrastinators and 59 none-procrastinators) participated in this study. The following measures (four software tests and two questionnaires) were used to evaluate the research variables(active and passive procrastination, problem solving, cognitive flexibility, inhibition, and working memory) respectively: Active procrastination scale, Tuckman's procrastination scale, Tower of London test, Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST), Go/No Go, and 1-back. Gathered data were analysed by SPSS-22. The data analysis using multivariate analysis of variances (MANOVA) method revealed a significant difference between the comparison groups in problem solving (F=13/14, P=0/0) and cognitive flexibility (F=3/27, P=0/04) and none-significant difference in inhibition (F=1/91, P=0/15) and working memory(F=0/96, P=0/38). The results indicate the impact of two executive functions (problem solving and cognitive flexibility) on the occurance of adaptive and maladaptive procrastination behavior. These results can be useful to aknowledge the mental causes of procrastination and to concentrate on them in order to improve the damaging form of procrastination behavior and also highlight its positive form which could lead to higher quality of life and mental health.

Background & Aim: Studies have shown that war-torn people are more likely to have secondary problems caused by trauma, including suicidal thoughts. In particular, the history of childhood maltreatments are seriously related to the increased risk of suicide in later life, especially in traumatic and stressful situations. The present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the relationship between childhood maltreatment and early maladaptive schemas with suicidal thoughts in Iraqi adults with war-related stress symptoms with the mediating role of resilience and self-compassion. Method: The statistical population included all people living in Sulaymaniyah province of Iraq who had experienced traumatic events related to war and had suicidal thoughts at the same time. A sample of 500 people was selected from among the statistical population using Morgan's sample size table and taking into account the probability of 10% attrition. After data management, 62 questionnaires were removed due to incomplete filling and outlier data, and finally 438 questionnaires were analyzed. The research tools were Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Version (CTQ-SF), Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Version (YSQ-SF), Post Traumatic Stress Checklist (PCL-5), Beck Suicidal Thoughts Questionnaire (BSSI) and Connor-Davidson Resilience Questionnaire (CDRS). In order to analyze the research data, the structural equation model was used using Amos software. Findings: The results of the research showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between childhood maltreatment and early incompatible schemas with suicidal thoughts in people suffering from war stress symptoms, and the variables of resilience and self-compassion play a mediating role in this relationship. Conclusion: Understanding the possible role of mediating factors of resilience and self-compassion in the link between suicidal thoughts and post-traumatic stress symptoms in people with experience of war events can have important implications in the field of suicide prevention in these people.

Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and personality traits with critical thinking and the mediating role of emotion regulation in the members of the public accountant community of Iran. This research is a descriptive-survey type of study, the statistical population of this research was made up of all the members of the public accountants society of Iran, based on the Morgan table, 212 people were randomly selected. Data collection tools were Ritex critical thinking standard questionnaires (2003), big five personality factors, emotional intelligence of Bradbury and Graves (2004) and Gross emotion regulation. Also, in order to perform hypothesis test calculations in this research, structural equation model and partial least squares method SmartPls and SPSS were used. Finally, the findings of the research showed that there is a positive and meaningful relationship between personality traits and critical thinking in Iran's public accountant community, and this relationship is established between all its components, and the more a person has better personality traits, has the higher the critical thinking power. Also, there is a positive and meaningful relationship between all the components of emotional intelligence and critical thinking in Iran's public accountant community, and people with higher emotional intelligence have higher critical thinking power. However, there is no significant relationship between personality traits and critical thinking with the mediating role of emotional regulation of members of the public accountants community of Iran and it is rejected, and the ability to regulate emotions does not affect the critical thinking of public accountants.

based on the variables of thought-action fusion and intolerance of ambiguity, taking into account the mediating role of cyberchondria, sleep quality and self-compassion variables. The statistical population of this research was made up of teachers aged 25 to 50 who were teaching in Razavi Khorasan province in 1402 (220 women and 184 men). who responded to the questionnaires that were provided to them in the form of a link through a simple random sampling method and through virtual networks. In this research, from the questionnaires, Cyberchondria Severity Scale (CSS), Short Health Anxiety Questionnaire (SHAI), Short Form Ambiguity Intolerance Scale (SATQ), Self-Compassion Questionnaire (SCQ), Revised Scale (TAFS-R) and Questionnaire Petersburg sleep quality (PSQI) was used. After collecting the questionnaire, raw data was analyzed using Path Analysis Method through SPSS 24 and Lisrel 8.8 software. The fit indices of the model were confirmed. Based on the results obtained, the combination of thought and action, intolerance of ambiguity, cyberchondria, self-pity and sleep quality have a direct effect on health anxiety. Also, health anxiety has a significant relationship with the mediation of cyberchondria, self-compassion, and sleep quality with the combination of thought and action. On the other hand, health anxiety has a significant relationship with the mediation of cyberchondria, self-compassion and sleep quality with ambiguity intolerance. Therefore, it is recommended that according to the results obtained, health experts in the field of reducing health anxiety of people who refer to doctors or other people should consider solutions to reduce the confusion of thought and action and increase the tolerance of ambiguity. It is also suggested to consider programs to increase self-compassion and mindfulness and improve sleep quality in the field of education and treatment of health anxiety.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing cognitive inhibition, problem solving, decision making, working memory and cognitive flexibility in people with different levels of mindfulness. This research was a causal-comparative study and the method of doing the work was survey and quantitative. Considering that the aim of the research was to examine two groups with high and low mental awareness; Therefore, the Freiburg Mindfulness Questionnaire was distributed among 173 adult citizens of Kermanshah, and after meeting the criteria for entering and exiting the study, 100 adults with high and low mindfulness were divided into two groups of 50 people. In order to collect data, for the variable of mindfulness from the short form of the Freiburg Mindfulness Questionnaire, the variable of cognitive inhibition from the go-no-go task test, for the variable of problem solving from the Tower of London test, for the variable of decision-making from the Iowa decision-making task test, to examine The variable of working memory was used from the Passat working memory test and the variable of cognitive flexibility was used from the complex Stroop test. The results of data analysis showed that cognitive inhibition (p=0.000, ɳ2=0.44), problem solving (p=0.000, ɳ2=0.44), decision making (p=0.001, ɳ2= Working memory (p=0.000, ɳ2=0.46) and cognitive flexibility (p=0.001, ɳ2=0.57) have a significant difference in people with high and low mindfulness. The results of this research show that the higher the level of cognitive inhibition, problem solving, decision making, working memory and cognitive flexibility, the higher the level of mindfulness.

Emotional disorders are among the disorders with a high prevalence rate among different age groups of the society, therefore paying attention to the causal and background factors of these disorders can be of great help in preventing and treating these disorders. In this regard, the present study with The aim of modeling emotional disorders was based on the dark streaks of personality and with the mediating role of personality activity according to the model presented in ICD-11. This descriptive research was correlation type. The statistical population includes the students of the universities of Sanandaj city in the academic year 1402-1401. In this research, 386 subjects were selected from associate's, bachelor's, master's and doctorate students by stratified random sampling method. In order to carry out the research, four questionnaires were used: short quadruple scale of dark personality (SD4); severity of personality disorder (PDS-ICD-11); Personality disorder scales of the five-factor model (FFiCD); Multidimensional Emotional Disorders Questionnaire (MEDI) was used. All data analysis was done with the help of spss-27 and AMOS-26 software, and in order to check the fit of the model in this research, we used structural equation modeling or modeling. We have used Ali. In this research, in general, three models were examined, the results obtained indicate that the examined models had a suitable fit, so that it can be said that in these models, the effect of dark streaks of personality on emotional disorders, the effect of personality activity on disorders Emotional as well as the quality effects of the personality domain expressed in ICD-11 were visible. In such a way that the intensity of the dark streaks is greater, it causes an increase in the hypoactivity of the personality and as a result, an increase in the subject's score in the scale of emotional disorders. Also, in this research, the role of personality activity on emotional disorders can be seen; In this research, both subscales of personality functioning, i.e., individual dysregulation and interpersonal dysregulation, have a significant effect on emotional disorders, and the correlation of these subscales with both emotional disorders and the subscales of this construct was obtained.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of hemispheric superiority in problem solving, cognitive flexibility and impulse control. The research design was causal-comparative. The statistical population included all the residents of Karaj city in the academic year 1402-1401. The research sample consisted of 140 people who were divided into two groups: left superior (70 people) and right superior (70 people) using the inclusion/exit criteria and based on the Wells and Wagner brain hemisphere superiority questionnaire.Wisconsin cards software test was used to measure cognitive flexibility, balloon risk test to measure impulse control and Tower of Hanoi test to measure problem solving. For the results, it showed that between problem solving scores (F = 18.82; P = 0.001), number of floors (F = 4.75; P = 0.031), cognitive flexibility remaining error (F = 34.4; P = 0.039) and impulse control (F = 59.7; P = 0.007) there is a significant difference between right-handed and left-handed people. In problem solving and flexibility, the superior right group performed better than the superior left. In impulse control, the left superiors performed better than the right superiors. The functioning of the brain hemispheres affects cognitive functions and cognitive information processing.

The purpose of this study was to compare the executive functions of mothers with premature infants with and without symptoms of depression and anxiety. The statistical population included mothers with premature infants hospitalized in Tehran and Karaj hospitals. The target sample included mothers with premature babies who were hospitalized in the NICU department of Mahdia and Kamali hospitals in Karaj. A total of 140 people were divided into two groups (70 people with symptoms of anxiety and depression and 70 people without symptoms of anxiety and depression). Tests to measure executive functions including 1-Back, go/no-go test and Wisconsin cards test were performed on the participants. One-way multivariate analysis of variance was used to investigate the research hypotheses. The findings of this research are working memory (P=0.012 and F=6.515), inhibitory control (P=0.006 and F=7.787) and cognitive flexibility of error in remaining (P=0.146 and F=2.140). and the number of floors is P=0.011 and F=6.627). One-way multivariate analysis of variance was used to investigate the research hypotheses. The findings of this research are working memory (P=0.012 and F=6.515), inhibitory inhibition (P=0.006 and F=7.787) and cognitive flexibility of error in remaining (P=0.146 and F=2.140). and the number of floors is P=0.011 and F=6.627). The results of this research showed that there is a significant difference in executive functions between mothers with premature babies with and without symptoms of depression and anxiety.

The purpose of present study was comparing executive functions in people with high and low resilience. 140 adults assigned in high resilience (n=70) and low resilience (n=70) groups using structured clinical interview and Connor- Davidson resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Then, working memory, inhibition and cognitive flexibility assessed by n-back, go/nogo and Wisconsin card sorting tasks respectively. The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that individual with high resilience compared to individual with low resilience scored significantly higher on inhibition (F=4.077, P=0.045) and cognitive flexibility (F=4.798, P=0.03) but there were no significant differences on working memory (F=0.251, P=0.617). The finding of our study could result in implicit understanding of the role of high- level cognitive processes in resilience as an influential factor in mental health. Also, the result of this research can help the researchers and specialists to design therapeutic interventions based on executive functions.

The aim of the present research was to compare the cognitive indices of individuals with sensitivity to reward and punishment. In this study, the Reward and Punishment Responsiveness Questionnaire (RPRM-Q) was used to classify individuals into two groups: inhibition (n=70) and activation (n=70). Then, to assess problem-solving, risk-taking, inhibition, and flexibility, the Tower of London test, Go/No-go and Iowa Gambling tasks, and Wisconsin Card Sorting test were employed, respectively. Descriptive analysis was used to examine demographic variables, and multivariate analysis of variance was used to test the research hypotheses. In this study, we attempted to delineate cognitive indices in individuals by comparing two groups, one with behavioral activation system and one with behavioral inhibition system. The results of the research indicated a significant relationship between overall reward and the net score obtained from the Iowa Gambling Test and individuals' scores on the sensitivity to punishment and reward questionnaire. This suggests that individuals with higher reward scores have poorer performance in the Iowa Gambling Test. The results also demonstrated that the Numcatcom variable in the cognitive flexibility test has a meaningful relationship with sensitivity to reward and punishment. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that the behavioral activation and inhibition systems play a crucial role in individuals' functioning and influence how their executive functions and risk-taking behaviors are carried out.

Background and purpose: Considering the high prevalence of anxiety disorders among Iranian teenagers, defects in various functions as well as direct and indirect costs that this disorder imposes on the individual, family and society. Necessity requires that by using various interventional treatments, the necessary skills and strategies are taught to people with this disorder in order to deal with the functional destruction caused by the disorder and to promote individual and social adaptation; Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of the integrated transdiagnostic treatment protocol on the symptoms of anxiety, emotion dysregulation and intolerance of ambiguity in adolescents with anxiety disorders. Method: The design of the current research was an experimental study that was carried out in the form of a pre-test, post-test design with follow-up. The statistical population included all adolescents aged 15 to 17 with anxiety disorders in Sanandaj, of which 55 people were selected by purposive sampling. They were randomly selected and placed in two intervention and control groups. At the end of the treatment, there were 28 people in the intervention group and 27 people in the control group. The tools used in the research include DSM-5-based Adolescent Anxiety Questionnaire (YAM), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Children and Adolescent Version (ERQ-C), Intolerance of Ambiguity Scale-Children and Adolescent Version (IUSC-12) and Pennsylvania Anxiety Questionnaire. - Children's version (PSWQ-C). The data were analyzed using the statistical method of variance analysis with repeated measurements Findings: The results showed that the average scores of symptoms of anxiety, emotion dysregulation and intolerance of ambiguity in the intervention group were significantly reduced compared to the control group (P≥0.001) after adjusting the pre-test scores between the experimental and control groups in There is a significant difference in the research components. Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of integrated transdiagnostic treatment on reducing symptoms of anxiety, emotion dysregulation and intolerance of ambiguity in adolescents with anxiety disorders, the present results have practical implications for clinical professionals active in the fields of treatment and counseling.